Using Rate or AxisLock there is no angle involved in stabilization and only Gyro sensors are used.
Rate/AxisLock simply play with angular velocity, middle stick mean 0deg/s rotation and full stick the max rate defined in stabilization bank.
If you apply a brief stick movement and return to 0, rotation will be applied briefly and stops since you go back to 0.
Attitude stabilization will simply stabilize at one bank angle, proportional to the stick deflection (see Attitude response) and you need to maintain the stick position of course.
Seems you need to develop your own stabilization mode, using stick to define a offset angle according to the maximum stick deflection, waiting for stick back to zero and finally applying this offset to a value/setpoint angle used for Attitude stabilization.
Remember the CC3D/Atom will not give a reliable angle/heading in Yaw axis because this board do not use magnetometer and heading is only estimated using Gyros.
Maybe you can explain why the stick deflection need to be applied briefly in your application ?
Here is a
diagram describing how Rate/AxisLock and Attitude works.